_________________________________________________________________
Contact
Liquid angle
Material Product Phase (degrees) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Amalgam New True
Dentalloy Water 77 58
Bacteria
A. odontolyticus A7-1 Water 41 200
A. viscosus C7-4 Water 35 200
S. mutans C7-3 Water 12 200
S. salivarius B3-4 Water 24 200
S. sanguis C7-2 Water 48 200
Cement
Orthodontic Concise Water 30 215
Denture resins
Acrylic Alcohol 0 57
Saliva 73 57
Water 75 57
Acrylic (modified) Hydrocryl Water 78 112
Polystyrene Saliva 79 50
Water 86 50
Glass Water 14 58
Gold alloy
Porcelain-fused-
to-metal Ceramco No.1 Porcelain 40* 56
Impression materials
Polyether Impregum
Untreated Dental
stone mix 55-58 236
40.4 237
30 min. in Dental
Clorox stone mix 59-60 236
30 min. in Dental
Sporicidin stone mix 81-93 236
Impregum F Water 42.6 216
Permadyne
light Water 43.1 216
heavy Water 43.9 216
Polysulfide Permlastic
Untreated Water 42.1 216
Dental
stone mix 76-82 236
30 min. in Dental
Clorox stone mix 78-82 236
30 min. in Dental
Sporicidin stone mix 43-47# 236
Silicone, addition Examix
Untreated Dental
stone mix 71-74 236
30 min. in Dental
Clorox stone mix 90-92 236
30 min. in Dental
Sporicidin stone mix 94-95 236
Express
light Water 104.9 216
putty Water 101.7 216
Express
Hydrophilic
light Water 19.7 216
medium Water 78.3 216
Dental
stone mix 64.4 237
putty Water 63.8 216
Imprint
Hydrophilic
medium Water 46.3 216
Mirror 3 extrude
light Water 33.9 216
medium Water 57.7 216
putty Water 98.4 216
President
Untreated Dental
stone mix 92-96 236
30 min. in Dental
Clorox stone mix 98-99 236
30 min. in Dental
Sporicidin stone mix 94-98 236
Unosil Dental
stone mix 75.0 237
Silicone,
condensation Citricon
light Water 81.7 216
putty Water 90.7 216
Rapid
light Water 95.2 216
putty Water 102.6 216
Xantopren Dental
stone mix 89.1 237
Polymers
Poly (butyl cyanoacrylate) Water 69 217
Poly (ether urethane) Water 80 202
Poly (ethyl cyanoacrylate) Water 65 217
Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)
Atactic Water 17 217
Isotactic Water 13 217
Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-
methoxyethyl methacrylate) (1:1) Water 22 217
Poly (methoxyethyl methacrylate) Water 46 217
Poly (methyl cyanoacrylate) Water 57 217
Poly (methyl methacrylate) Water 62-73 217
Polystyrene Water 66 217
Poly
(tetrafluoroethylene) Teflon Water 110 58
Poly (vinyl chloride) Water 69 202
Silicone Water 110 202
Restorative materials
Acrylic Bonfil Water 38 58
Composite resin Addent Water 51 58
Silicate Improved Filling
Porcelain Water 12 58
Wax, paraffin Water 109 50
_________________________________________________________________
* Measured at 1038 deg. C.
# "The polysulfide appeared to have reacted with the 0.5% sodium
hypochlorite." (ref. 236).
_________________________________________________________________
Contact angle (solid surface)
_________________________________________________________________
Contact
Solid angle
Material Product Surface (degrees) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Bonding agents Adaptic Bonding
Agent Enamel 0 133
Concise
Enamel Bond Enamel 0 133
Fluoride gel Flura-Gel Enamel 30 132
Luride Enamel 31 132
Predent Enamel 36 132
Rafluor Enamel 38 132
Fluoride solutions Rafluor Enamel 0 132
NaF Rinse Enamel 0 132
Glaze Adaptic Glaze Enamel 0 133
Pit and fissure sealants
Light-cured Nuva-Seal Enamel 28 133
Self-cured Delton Enamel 0 133
_________________________________________________________________
Creep is a measure of the viscoelastic properties of a material. In the dynamic creep method, a compressive load is applied to a specimen to produce a fluctuating stress which is cycled from 500 to 10,000 psi (34.5 to 69.0 MPa) at a rate of 1800 times per minute. In the static creep method, a constant compressive stress of 5250 psi (36.2 MPa) is applied to the specimen. In the American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association's flow method (ref. 73), the specimen is subjected to a compressive stress of 1450 psi (10.0 MPa). In each method the change in length of the specimen is measured and divided by the original length.
_________________________________________________________________
Dynamic Static ADA
creep creep flow
Material Product (%) (%) (%) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Amalgam
Admixed Dispersalloy 0.86 0.76 0.50 53
0.67 214
0.3 143
Dispersalloy
fast set 0.41* 142
0.32# 142
regular set 0.46* 142
0.37# 142
non zinc 1.01 214
Optaloy II 1.77 214
1.47* 142
1.08# 142
Valiant PhD 0.21 171
Lathe-cut ANA 68 Dental
Alloy 2.1 143
ANA 2000
Nongamma 2 0.15 143
Aristoloy 3.77 214
Caulk Fine Cut 1.56* 142
1.57# 142
New True Dentalloy 1.85 2.36 0.65 53
1.53 214
Revalloy 1.2 143
20th Century Micro 8.76 8.37 3.91 53
Spherical Cupralloy Esp 0.37* 142
0.25# 142
Indiloy 0.34* 142
0.15# 142
Sybraloy 0.10 214
0.10* 142
0.05# 142
Tytin 0.20 171
0.08 214
Valiant 0.06 171
_________________________________________________________________
* Hand Triturated
# Mechanically Triturated
_________________________________________________________________
Critical surface
tension
Material Product (dynes/cm) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Amalgam Argos Alloy 48.1 52
Co-Cr-Mo, as polished Vitallium* 22.3 137
Co-Cr-Mo, plasma cleaned Vitallium* >72 137
Glass Pyrex 170 71
Gold AB Adelmetall 57.4 52
Impression materials
Polyether Impregum 27.9 169
Silicone, addition Express Hydrophilic 53.8 169
Imprint Hydrophilic 52.4 169
President 21.2 169
Provil 20.2 169
Silicone, condensation Xantopren 14.4 169
Paraffin 22-26 71
Polymers
Polyetherurethane Pellethane 80A 19.3 170
Pellethane 55D 22.1 170
Pellethane 75D 35.7 170
Polyetherurethane urea Biomer 23.0 170
Polyethylene 31-33 71
Poly(methyl methacrylate) 39.0 71
Polystyrene 33-43 71
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Teflon 18 71
Tooth structure, enamel 38.5-40# 51
31.5$ 51
_________________________________________________________________
* Surgical
# 23 deg. C, 50% relative humidity
$ 37 deg. C, 100% relative humidity
_________________________________________________________________
Density
Material Product (g/cu. cm) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Amalgam 11.6 220
Bonding agent Silux Enamel
Bond 1.20 221
Bones
Cancellous 1.3 192
Cortical 1.3 192
Cements
Calcium hydroxide Dycal 1.91 206
Life 1.88 206
Glass-ionomer Base cement 2.13** 205
Dentin cement 2.02** 205
Ketac-cem 2.16** 205
Polymer-modified ZOE IRM 2.29* 24
Resin CBA 9080 2.02 109
Unmodified ZOE Cavitec 2.05 206
Zinc phosphate Tenacin 2.59$ 24
Zinc polycarboxylate 2.19 124
Cobalt-chromium alloys Genesis II 8.8 9
Master Tec 8.1 222
Novarex 8.75## 223
Vitallium 8.5 220
Denture resin, acrylic 1.19 59
Fluorapatite
Mineral-Durango, Mexico 3.215 40
Gold (condensed)
Foil 17.22 33
Mat 16.44 33
Powdered Goldent 17.36 33
Gold alloys
Type II 16.4 97
Type III 15.5 220
40% Au-Ag-Cu Forticast 12.5 9
10-15% Au-Ag-Pd Paliney No.4 12.3 7
Au-Pd Olympia 13.7 9
Porcelain-fused-to-metal Jelenko O 18.2 9
Gypsum Moldablaster 1.9-2.0 224
Hydroxyapatite 3.1 192
Impression materials (polymerized)
Polyether Impregum 1.06 207
Silicone, addition Baysilex 1.37 207
Provil
medium 1.40 207
high 1.43 207
Mercury 13.55 130
Monomers (crown-and-bridge resins)
Methyl methacrylate 0.9374 128
Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate 1.055 129
1,3-butylene glycol dimethacrylate 1.02 129
Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate 1.072 129
Nickel-chromium alloys
Crown-and-bridge Howmedica III 7.9 10
Porcelain-fused-to-metal Ultratek 8.0 6
Palladium-based dental alloys Microstar 10.8 9
Spartan 10.6 222
W-1 11.1 222
Pit and fissure sealant Delton 1.23 127
Porcelain, feldspathic 2.4 20
Pure metals
Chromium 7.19 130
Copper 8.96 130
Gold 19.3 130
Nickel 8.9 130
Palladium 12.02 130
Platinum 21.45 130
Silver 10.49 130
Titanium 4.51 130
Zinc 7.13 130
Restorative materials
Composite resin
All-purpose Heliomolar
Radiopaque 1.84 221
Herculite XR 2.09 221
Anterior Silux Plus 1.61 221
Posterior Ful Fil 2.14 221
Visiomolar 2.38 221
Silicate Improved Filling
Porcelain 2.01# 24
Silver-palladium alloys
Crown-and-bridge Albacast 10.6 9
Porcelain-fused-to-metal Jel-5 10.9 9
Ti-6 Al-4 V alloy 4.5 220
Tooth structures
Cementum 2.03 43
Dentin (deciduous) 2.18 43
Dentin (permanent) 2.14 44
Enamel (deciduous) 2.95 43
Enamel (permanent) 2.97 44
Vitreous carbon 1.47 117
Water (4 deg. C) 1.00 1
_________________________________________________________________
* Powder/liquid ratio, 5.0 g/ml.
# Powder/liquid ratio, 3.0 g/ml.
$ Powder/liquid ratio, 2.5 g/ml.
** Powder/liquid ratio 1.0.
## Specific gravity.
Dynamic modulus
__________________________________________________________________
Dynamic modulus
Material Product (psi x 1000) (MPa) Ref.
__________________________________________________________________
Maxillofacial materials
Polyurethane Dermathane 100 0.444* 3.06* 38
Polyvinyl chloride Sartomer Resins 0.364* 2.51* 38
Silicone rubber Silastic 382 0.435* 3.00* 38
Silastic 399 0.554* 3.82* 38
Mouth protector material
Polyvinyl acetate-
polyethylene Proform 3.07* 21.2* 37
Sta-Guard 1.36* 9.39* 37
Restorative materials
Composite resin
Anterior Silar 372.6# 2569# 219
Silux 374.5# 2582# 219
Posterior P10 1218 # 8396# 219
P50 1399 # 9645# 219
Profile 1147 # 7911# 219
Profile TLC 1274 # 8786# 219
__________________________________________________________________
* Measured at 37 deg. C.
# Dynamic sheer modulus, measured wet at 40 deg. C.
Elastic Modulus, E
The elastic modulus of a material represents the relative stiffness of the material within the elastic range and can be determined from a stress-strain curve by calculating the ratio of stress to strain. Unless indicated otherwise, values were determined in tension.
_________________________________________________________________
E
Material Product (psi x 10e6) (GPa) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Alumina De Trey 60.6* 418* 21
Amalgams (7d)
Admixed Dispersalloy 7.60* 52.4* 186
Valiant PhD 8.05* 55.5* 186
Spherical Indiloy 7.56* 52.1* 186
Lojic 7.82* 53.9* 186
Sybraloy 8.72* 60.1* 186
Tytin 7.64* 52.7* 186
Valiant 8.54* 58.9* 186
Bones
Cancellous 0.071 0.49 192
Cortical 2.1 14.7 192
Long bones
Femur 2.49 17.2 172
Humerus 2.49 17.2 172
Radius 2.70 18.6 172
Tibia 2.63 18.1 172
Vertebrae
Cervical 0.033 0.23 172
Lumbar 0.023 0.16 172
Cements
(base consistency, 24 hrs)
Polymer-modified ZOE B & T 0.310# 2.14# 2
Zinc phosphate Zinc Cement
Improved 3.25# 22.4# 2
Zinc polycarboxylate Durelon 0.718# 4.95# 2
Cements
(luting consistency, 24 hrs)
EBA-alumina ZOE Opotow 0.787# 5.43# 2
0.45$ 3.1$ 145
Glass-ionomer ASPA 1.4$ 9.8$ 145
Fuji 0.58$ 4.0$ 145
Ketac-cem 0.91* 6.3* 178
Noneugenol
zinc oxide Nogenol 0.0257# 0.177# 2
Polymer-modified ZOE Fynal 0.441# 3.04# 2
0.17$ 1.2$ 145
Zinc phosphate Zinc Cement
Improved 1.99# 13.7# 2
Zinc polycarboxylate Carboxylon 0.35$ 2.4$ 145
Durelon 0.638# 4.40# 2
0.46$ 3.2$ 145
Durelon
(thin liquid) 0.44$ 3.0$ 145
Cements (liners, 24 hrs)
Calcium hydroxide
Light-cured VLC Dycal 0.087* 0.6* 178
Self-cured Dycal 0.32* 2.2* 178
Life 0.29* 2.0* 178
Glass-ionomer
Light-cured Vitrabond 0.16* 1.1* 179
XR Ionomer 0.35* 2.4* 179
Self-cured GC Lining Cement 0.42* 2.9* 178
Ketac Bond 0.68* 4.7* 178
Resin Cavalite 0.38* 2.6* 179
Timeline 0.25* 1.7* 179
Unmodified ZOE Cavitec 0.0406# 0.280# 2
Cobalt-chromium alloys Advantage** 18.2 125 198
Advantage## 21.6 149 198
Cobond** 21.8 150 198
Cobond## 23.0 159 198
GenesisII** 30.6 211 198
GenesisII## 22.8 157 198
Master Tec** 21.2 146 198
Master Tec## 22.8 157 198
Novarex** 22.4 154 198
Novarex## 26.3 181 198
NovarexII** 23.8 164 198
NovarexII## 21.8 150 198
Vi-Comp** 21.6 149 198
Vi-Comp## 22.8 157 198
Vitallium 31.6 218 61
Crown-and-bridge resins
Acrylic Biotone 0.327# 2.26# 23
Polyester Mer-Don 7 0.267# 1.84# 23
Polyvinyl acrylic Luxene 0.410# 2.83# 23
Denture resins
Cold-cured PERform 0.236 1.63 218
Heat-cured Lucitone 199 0.154 1.06 218
Paragon 0.426 2.94 209
Perma-cryl 20 0.193 1.33 218
Light-cured Triad 0.306 2.11 218
Duplicating material
Agar Nobiloid 70psi 0.48MPa 60
Fluorapatite Durango, Mexico 21.4 148 40
Gold alloys
Type I Special Inlay 11.2# 77.2# 4
Type III Sjoding C-3 14.5 100 144
Type IV Ney-Oro G-3 14.4# 99.3# 4
Sjoding D 13.8 95 144
64% Au-Ag-Cu Begolloyd 11.5 79 144
48% Au-Ag-Cu Midigold 14.5 100 144
Au-Ag-Pd 11.4 78 192
Au-Pd Olympia** 14.9 103 199
Olympia## 15.7 108 199
Porcelain-fused-
to-metal Ceramco O 12.5 86.2 6
Gutta-percha Indian Head 0.027 0.186 28
Mynol 0.022 0.152 28
Gypsum
Improved stone Velmix 2.1* 14.5* 83
Hydroxyapatite 5.0 34 192
Impression materials
Agar# Surgident 200psi 1.38MPa 60
Alginate, 6 min.$$ Jeltrate 38psi 0.26MPa 27
Polyether*** Impregum F 51psi 0.35MPa 187
Permadyne 59psi 0.41MPa 187
Polysulfide*** Permlastic
light 2psi 0.013MPa 187
heavy 17psi 0.12MPa 187
Silicone, addition*** Provil
light 45psi 0.31MPa 187
putty 51psi 0.35MPa 187
Silicone,
condensation*** Rapid
light 13psi 0.088MPa 187
putty 38psi 0.26MPa 187
Iron-chromium alloys
Crown-and-bridge Dentillium C-B 25.7 177 61
Partial denture Dentillium P-D 29.3 202 61
Maxillofacial material
Silicone rubber Silastic 382 297psi 2.05MPa 39
Nickel-chromium
alloys Ceramalloy II** 27.2 188 199
Ceramalloy II## 23.1 159 199
Microbond NP2** 21.1 145 199
Microbond NP2## 21.1 145 199
Pentillium 24.9 172 136
Ticon** 25.6 177 199
Ticon## 24.8 171 199
Porcelain-fused-
to-metal Ultratek 29.4 203 6
Crown-and-bridge Howmedica III 26.0 179 110
Palladium-based
dental alloys Microstar** 19.5 134 199
Microstar## 17.9 123 199
Spartan** 15.8 109 199
Spartan## 15.0 103 199
W-1** 16.9 117 199
W-1## 16.8 116 199
Polymers
Polyetherurethane Pellethane2363-80A 0.0023 0.016 182
Polyetherurethane
urea Biomer 0.0016 0.011 182
Poly(methyl
methacrylate) 0.345 2.38 183
Porcelains
Alumina-reinforced Vitadur-N(Core) 15.5 107 231
Castable ceramic Dicor 10.7 74 231
Ceramic-whisker-
reinforced Mirage II 10.0 69 231
Feldspathic Excelco 8.7 60 231
Vita VMK 68 10.2 70 231
Vita VMK 68-N 10.0 69 231
Will-Ceram 9.1 63 231
Leucite-reinforced Optec HSP 9.1 63 231
Restorative materials
Composite resin
All-purpose Brilliant 2.41 16.6 158
Charisma 2.04 14.1 158
Conquest DFC 2.54 17.5 158
Heliomolar
Radiopaque 1.41 9.8 158
Herculite XR 2.33 16.0 158
Herculite XRV 1.38 9.5 211
Marathon 2.95 20.3 158
P-50 APC 3.63 25.0 158
Pertac Hybrid 2.18 15.1 158
Prisma APH 1.98 13.6 158
True Vitality 0.78 5.4 211
Z-100 3.05 21.0 158
Anterior Durafill 0.88 6.1 158
Helio Progress 1.32 9.1 158
Multifil VS 1.14 7.8 158
Prisma Fil 2.07 14.3 158
Prisma Microfine 0.83 5.7 158
Silar 1.32 9.1 158
Silux 1.36 9.4 158
Silux Plus 1.37 9.5 158
Valux 2.86 19.7 158
Visio Dispers 1.56 10.8 158
Visio Fil 3.15 21.7 158
Posterior Clearfil Photo
Posterior 3.68 25.3 158
Ful Fil 2.10 14.5 158
Heliomolar 1.54 10.6 158
Occlusin 3.45 23.8 158
P-10 3.64 25.1 158
Post Comp II LC 2.33 16.1 158
Glass-ionomer Ketac-fil 1.57 10.8 188
Metal-reinforced
glass-ionomer Ketac-Silver 0.62* 4.3* 178
Silicate Improved Filling
Porcelain 3.25# 22.4# 4
Silver-palladium
alloys Alborium 14.4 99 144
Hvitstop 15.2 105 144
Palliag H 15.8 109 144
Titanium 17.0 117 126
Tooth structures
Dentin (bovine)
Demineralized 0.036 0.25 185
Mineralized 1.99 13.7 185
Dentin (human)
Demineralized 0.038 0.26 185
Mineralized 2.13 14.7 185
Enamel 12.2# 84.1# 4
18.9 130 192
Peridontal membrane
(young calf) 172psi 1.18MPa 65
Vitreous carbon 3.5 24.1 117
Waxes
Inlay casting, hard Kerr blue hard 0.092# 0.634# 30
Inlay casting, soft Kerr blue regular 0.101# 0.696# 30
_________________________________________________________________
* Measured in bending.
# Measured in compression with optical strain gauge.
$ Measured in compression.
** As cast.
## Heat treated.
$$ Cord modulus in tension at 5% strain.
*** Measured with Shearheometer at setting time.
_________________________________________________________________
Material Product Flow (%) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Bite registration
material Correct-Bite 0.00 155
Impression materials
Alginate
normal consistency Jeltrate 3.6* 27
thin consistency Jeltrate 6.3* 27
thick consistency Jeltrate 2.7* 27
Polyether Impregum F 0.02 156
Permadyne
light 0.03 156
heavy 0.02 156
Polyjel NF 0.02 156
Polysulfide Coeflex
light 0.45 156
medium 0.45 156
heavy 0.42 156
Silicone, addition Absolute
light 0.03 156
medium 0.02 156
heavy 0.02 156
putty 0.03 156
Baysilex 0.04 156
Exaflex Hydrophilic
light 0.05 156
medium 0.03 156
Examix Hydrophilic
light 0.03 156
medium 0.01 156
monophase 0.00 155
Express Hydrophilic
light 0.03 156
medium 0.02 156
putty 0.09 156
Hydrosil 0.02 156
Imprint 0.03 156
Mirror 3 Extrude
light 0.03 156
medium 0.02 156
putty 0.03 156
Omnisil
light 0.02 156
medium 0.02 156
putty 0.07 156
Permagum
light 0.00 155
medium 0.00 155
heavy 0.02 155
President
light 0.01 156
heavy 0.01 156
putty 0.01 156
Reprosil Hydrophilic
. light 0.02 156
medium 0.02 156
heavy 0.02 156
putty 0.02 156
Silicone, condensation Coltex
light 0.11 156
medium 0.15 156
Coltoflax 0.08 156
Cuttersil
light 0.02 155
medium 0.04 155
Elasticon
light 0.03 155
heavy 0.00 155
Rapid
light 0.01 155
putty 0.01 155
_________________________________________________________________
* Measured at 6 min.
Heat of Fusion
_________________________________________________________________
L Temp.
Material Product (cal/g) (deg. C) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Gutta-percha (pure) 45.2 74 111
Ice 79.7 0 1
Mercury 2.8 -38 130
Pure metals
Chromium 96 1875 130
Copper 50.6 1083 130
Gold 16.1 1063 130
Nickel 73.8 1453 130
Palladium 34.2 1552 130
Platinum 26.9 1769 130
Silver 25 961 130
Zinc 24.09 420 130
Waxes
Beeswax Ross Co. 42.8 62.8 67
Carnauba Ross Co. 45.5 82.8 67
Inlay casting Kerr blue hard 45.9 60.0 67
Paraffin Ross Co. 42.4 52.0 67
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Heat of reaction
Material Reaction (Kcal/g-mole) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Denture resin
acrylic Methyl methacrylate
to polymethyl methacrylate -13.9 88
Gypsum Calcium sulfate hemihydrate + water
to calcium sulfate dihydrate -3.9 87
_________________________________________________________________
Impact strength, IZOD
_________________________________________________________________
Material Product IZOD (J/m) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Denture resins
Cold-cured PERform 15 218
Heat-cured Lucitone 199 27-31 218
Perma-cryl 20 14 218
Light-cured Triad 13 218
_________________________________________________________________
Index of Refraction
_________________________________________________________________
Extraordinary Ordinary
index of index of
Material refraction refraction Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Filler particles for
dental composites
Barium borosilicate 1.554 158
Quartz 1.540 158
Strontium glass 1.550 158
Ytterbium trifluoride 1.530 158
Zirconium glass 1.520 158
Fluorapatite, synthetic 1.630 1.633 103
Hydroxyapatite, synthetic 1.643 1.649 104
Monomers
Bisphenol-A-glycidyl
dimethacrylate 1.545 168
2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate 1.448 168
Triethyleneglycol dimethacylate 1.457 168
Urethane dimethacrylate 1.481 168
Porcelain, feldspathic 1.504 147
Quartz 1.544 147
Tooth structure, enamel 1.655 105
Water 1.333 1
_________________________________________________________________
Knoop Hardness Number, KHN
_________________________________________________________________
KHN
Material Product (kg/sq. mm) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Abrasives
Aluminum oxide E. C. Moore Co. 2100 70
Flint (quartz) E. C. Moore Co. 820 70
Garnet E. C. Moore Co. 1360 70
Silicon carbide E. C. Moore Co. 2480 70
Cements (luting consistency)
Resin C&B Metabond 12 160
Panavia EX 53 160
Cements (liners)
Calcium hydroxide
Light-cured VLC Dycal 2.4 161
Glass-ionomer
Light-cured Vitrabond 1.7 161
XR Ionomer 0.1 161
Zionomer 14-16 161
Self-cured GC Lining Cement 2.8 161
Resin Cavalite 15 161
TimeLine 7.3 161
Cobalt-chromium alloys Advantage* 356 198
Advantage# 360 198
Cobond* 406 198
Cobond# 424 198
Genesis II* 329 198
Genesis II# 345 198
Master Tec* 345 198
Master Tec# 363 198
Niranium N/N 391 61
Novarex* 349 198
Novarex# 375 198
Novarex II* 352 198
Novarex II# 368 198
Vi-Comp* 386 198
Vi-Comp# 399 198
Vitallium 415 61
Denture resins
Cold-cured PERform 16.2 218
Heat-cured Lucitone 199 14.0 218
Perma-cryl 20 16.5 218
Light-cured Triad 17.6 218
Denture teeth
Acrylic Dura-Blend 19.9 36
Gold (condensed)
Foil Morgan, Hastings & Co. 69 32
Mat Williams 52 32
Powdered Goldent 55 32
Gold-alloy
Au-Pd alloy Olympia* 206 199
Olympia# 226 199
Iron-chromium alloys
Crown-and-bridge Dentillium C-B 331 61
Partial denture Dentillium P-D 335 61
Nickel-chromium alloys Ceramalloy II* 314 199
Ceramalloy II# 270 199
MicroBond NP2* 207 199
MicroBond NP2# 153 199
Ticon* 328 199
Ticon# 256 199
Palladium-based dental
alloys Microstar* 259 199
Microstar# 247 199
Spartan* 371 199
Spartan# 362 199
W-1* 232 199
W-1# 228 199
Pit and fissure sealants
(24 hours)
Light-cured Delton LC 18 176
Helioseal 21 176
Pentra-Seal 19 176
Visioseal 16 176
Self-cured Delton 14 176
Porcelain
Feldspathic B. F. Vacuum 591 100
Restorative materials
Composite resin
All-purpose Brilliant 57 211
Charisma 43 211
Conquest DFC 63 211
Herculite XRV 69-71 162
Pertac Hybrid 60 211
Prisma APH 26 164
True Vitality 28 211
Anterior Helio Progress 46-48 162
Prisma Microfine 25 164
Silux Plus 28 163
Valux 46 163
Visio Dispers 27 163
Visio Fil 45 163
Posterior Clearfil Photo
Posterior 45 211
P 50 60 163
Visio Molar 64 163
Glass-ionomer Chelon-Fil 31 165
Chemfil II 18 165
Fuji Ionomer II 18 165
Metal-reinforced
glass-ionomer Chelon Silver 24 166
Miracle Mix 14 166
Tooth structures
Calculus (on teeth) 86 12
Cementum 40 12
Dentin 68 11
Enamel (bovine)
Etched 60-161 167
Softened 79-145 167
Sound 339-418 167
Enamel (human)
Etched 88-171 167
Softened 149-179 167
Sound 355-431 167
Vitreous carbon 820 117
_________________________________________________________________
Melting Temperatures and Ranges
_________________________________________________________________
Melting Temperature
Material Product (deg. F) (deg. C) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Cobalt-chromium
alloys Genesis II 2415-2550 1325-1400 9
Master Tec 2215-2380 1215-1300 222
Novarex 2425-2475 1330-1337 223
Gold Alloys
Type I Ney-Oro A 1825-1900 996-1038 7
Type II Ney-Oro A-1 1650-1775 899- 968 7
Type III Ney-Oro B-2 1650-1775 899- 968 7
Type IV Ney-Oro G-3 1630-1740 888- 949 7
40% Au-Ag-Cu Forticast 1555-1665 846- 907 9
10-15% Au-Ag-Pd Paliney No.4 1670-1810 910- 988 7
Au-Pd Olympia 2213-2380 1210-1304 9
Au-Pt-Pd TPW 2012-2282 1100-1250 196
Porcelain-fused-
to-metal Jelenko O 2034-2206 1112-1208 9
Mercury -37 -38 130
Nickel-chromium
alloy Unimetal 2098-2282 1148-1250 196
Palladium-based
dental alloys Athenium 2120-2330 1160-1277 197
Legacy 2020-2360 1104-1293 197
Liberty 2020-2280 1104-1249 197
Microstar 2156-2336 1180-1280 9
PTM-88 2120-2340 1160-1282 197
Protocol 2320-2390 1271-1310 197
Spartan 2040-2120 1116-1160 197
W1 2165-2320 1185-1270 222
Pure metals
Chromium 3407 1875 130
Copper 1981 1083 130
Gold 1945 1063 130
Nickel 2647 1453 130
Palladium 2826 1552 130
Platinum 3217 1769 130
Silver 1761 961 130
Titanium 3035 1668 130
Zinc 787 420 130
Silver-palladium alloys
Crown-and-bridge Albacast 1870-2010 1021-1099 9
Porcelain-fused-
to-metal Jel-5 2116-2341 1158-1283 9
Titanium-6Al-4V alloy 3002 1650 196
Waxe
Beeswax Ross Co. 93- 158 34- 70 68
Carnauba Ross Co. 27- 189 53- 87 68
Inlay casting Kerr blue hard 122- 176 50- 80 68
Paraffin Ross Co. 111- 140 44- 60 68
_________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ Material Mohs' hardness Ref. __________________________________________________________________ Abrasives Aluminum oxide 9 1 Boron carbide 9-10 1 Chalk (calcium carbonate) 3 1 Cuttlebone 7 238 Diamond 10 1 Garnet 6.5-7 1 Gypsum 2 1 Pumice 6 1 Quartz 7 1 Silicon carbide 9-10 1 Talc 1 1 Tungsten carbide 9 1 Zirconium silicate 7.5 1 Amalgam 4-5 238 Gold 2.5-3 1 Porcelain, feldspathic 6-7 238 Restorative materials Composite resin 5-7 238 Tooth structures Dentin 3-4 238 Enamel 5 238 __________________________________________________________________
PC = (surface tension of liquid) x (cosine of the contact angle)
___________________________________________________________
2 x viscosity
_________________________________________________________________
PC
Material Product (cm/sec) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Fluoride gels Flura-Gel 0.0508 132
Luride 0.217 132
Predent 0.0870 132
Rafluor 0.115 132
Fluoride solutions NaF Rinse 2350 132
Pit and fissure sealants
Light-cured Delton 5.18 176
Helioseal 1.72 176
Pentra-Seal 2.67 176
Visioseal 2.21 176
Self-cured Delton 4.90 176
_________________________________________________________________
Percent Elongation (Ductility)
_________________________________________________________________
Percent elongation
% in 5-cm gauge
Material Product length Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Cobalt-chromium alloys Advantage* 3 198
Advantage# 4 198
Cobond* 4 198
Cobond# 3 198
Genesis II* 7 198
Genesis II# 6 198
Master Tec* 2 198
Master Tec# 3 198
Novarex* 2 198
Novarex# 1 198
Novarex II* 2 198
Novarex II# 2 198
Vi-Comp* 5 198
Vi-Comp# 4 198
Vitallium 1.5$ 61
Denture liners (resilient)
Polyphosphazene
fluoroelastomer Novus 240 153
Silicone Molloplast-B 325 153
Gold (999.9 fine) Wilkinson Co. 60.1** 96
Gold alloys
Type I Ney-Oro A 29.5 7
Type II Ney-Oro A-1 32 7
Type III, soft Ney-Oro B-2 35 7
Type III, hard Ney-Oro B-2 34 7
Type IV, soft Ney-Oro G-3 24 7
Type IV, hard Ney-Oro G-3 6.5 7
40% Au-Ag-Cu, soft Forticast 18 9
40% Au-Ag-Cu, hard Forticast 3 9
10-15% Au-Ag-Pd, soft Paliney No. 4 17 7
10-15% Au-Ag-Pd, hard Paliney No. 4 7 7
Au-Pd Olympia* 8 199
Olympia# 12 199
Au-Pt-Pd TPW 9.2 196
Porcelain-fused-
to-metal Jelenko O 5 9
Impression material
Alginate Krompan 38## 81
Iron-chromium alloys
Crown-and-bridge Dentillium C-B 8.5$ 61
Partial denture Dentillium P-D 9.0$ 61
Maxillofacial materials
Polyurethane Epithane-3 224$ 210
Silicone rubber A 102 130$ 210
A-2186 480 154
Cosmesil 588 154
MDX 4-4210 438 154
Medical Adhesive A 304$ 210
Silastic 4-4515 476$ 210
Mouth protector materials
Polyvinyl acetate-
Polyethylene Proform 1000 125
Sta-guard 1150 125
Nickel-chromium alloys Ceramalloy II* 6 199
Ceramalloy II# 11 199
Micro-Bond N/P2* 29 199
Micro-Bond N/P2# 35 199
Ticon* 4 199
Ticon# 12 199
Unimetal 12.2 196
Palladium-based
dental alloys Athenium 25$$ 197
Liberty 20$$ 197
Legacy 20$$ 197
Microstar* 6 199
Microstar# 18 199
Protocol 34$$ 197
PTM-88 25$$ 197
Spartan* 2 199
Spartan# 9 199
W-1* 6 199
W-1# 10 199
Silver-palladium alloys
Crown-and-bridge, soft Albacast 10 9
Crown-and-bridge, hard Albacast 8 7
Porcelain-fused-
to-metal Jel-5 25 9
Titanium 13 131
Titanium, 6 Al, 4 V alloy 5 131
_________________________________________________________________
* As cast
# Heat treated.
$ Measured on 2.5-cm gauge length.
** Measured on 0.64-cm gauge length.
## Measured on 10-cm gauge length; head speed, 50 cm/min.
$$ Measured on 1.5-cm gauge length.
Permanent Deformation
Permanent deformation is the lack of recovery from deformation of an elastic impression or duplicating material compressed at a fixed strain, usually for 30 seconds. The method of testing is dscribed in American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association Specification nos. 11, 18, 19, 20 (ref. 73). The trend is to report percent recovery rather than permanent deformation. Therefore a material with a permanent deformation of 1% has a 99% recovery.
_________________________________________________________________
Permanent
Material Product deformation(%)* Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Bite registration
material Correct-Bite 0.7 155
Duplicating material
Agar Nobiloid 2.4# 60
Impression materials
Agar Surgident 1.8# 60
Alginate, 6 min. Jeltrate 2.2 27
Polyether Impregum F 1.10 156
Permadyne
light 1.52 156
heavy 1.70 156
Polyjel NF 0.99 156
Polysulfide Coeflex
light 4.13 156
medium 4.39 156
heavy 5.55 156
Permlastic
light 2.90 157
medium 2.28 157
heavy 2.81 157
Silicone, addition Absolute
light 0.26 156
medium 0.22 156
heavy 0.27 156
putty 0.40 156
Baysilex 0.17 156
Exaflex Hydrophilic
light 0.29 156
medium 0.43 156
Examix Hydrophilic
light 1.23 156
medium 0.63 156
monophase 0.14 155
Express Hydrophilic
light 0.42 156
medium 0.25 156
putty 0.51 156
Hydrosil 0.50 156
Imprint 0.41 156
Mirror 3 Extrude
light 0.23 156
medium 0.18 156
putty 0.30 156
Omnisil
light 0.17 156
medium 0.26 156
putty 0.35 156
Permagum
light 0.13 155
medium 0.11 155
heavy 0.12 155
President
light 0.05 156
medium 0.04 156
heavy 0.01 156
putty 0.24 156
Reprosil Hydrophilic
light 0.18 156
medium 0.16 156
heavy 0.15 156
putty 0.15 156
Silicone, condensation Coltex
light 1.18 156
medium 1.50 156
Coltoflax 1.41 156
CutterSil
light 1.20 155
medium 1.39 155
Elasticon
light 0.84 155
heavy 0.47 155
Rapid
light 1.73 155
putty 1.09 155
_________________________________________________________________
* Fixed strain, 12%, for 30 sec.
# Tested for 1 min.
Poisson's Ratio
Poisson's ratio is a measure of the simultaneous change in elongation and in cross-sectional area within the elastic range during a tensile or compressive test. During a tensile test, the reduction in cross-sectional area is proportional to the increase in length in the elastic range by a dimensionless factor, Poisson's ratio.
_________________________________________________________________
Material Product Poisson's ratio Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Amalgam 0.35* 63
0.334* 113
Cements
Zinc phosphate Tenacin 0.35* 54
Zinc silicophosphate Dorcate 0.30* 54
Fluorapatite (mineral) 0.28* 55
Gold alloys
Au-Ag-Pd 0.33 192
Au-Pd 0.33 193
Hydroxyapatite (synthetic) 0.28* 55
Impression materials
Polyether Impregum 0.13$ 194
Silicone, addition Baysilex Monophase 0.41$ 194
Provil
medium 0.19$ 194
heavy 0.44$ 194
Nickel-chromium alloys Ceramalloy 0.27 136
Microbond NP2 0.24 136
Pentillium 0.32 136
Polymers
Acrylic 0.37-0.45# 102
Polycarbonate 0.41-0.44# 102
Polyethylene 0.54-0.61# 102
Porcelain Ceramco 0.19 135
Vita 0.19 135
Restorative materials
Acrylic Sevriton 0.35* 116
Composite resin Adaptic 0.24* 116
Silicate Syntrex 0.30* 54
Titanium 0.33 192
Tooth and supporting structures
Bone
Cancellous 0.30 195
Cortical 0.30 195
Cementum 0.31 195
Dentin 0.31 195
Enamel 0.33 195
Periodontal Ligament 0.45 195
_________________________________________________________________
* Measured by ultrasonic method.
# Measured in tension with transverse strain gauge extensometers.
$ Measured by dynamic method.
Proportional Limit, PL
_________________________________________________________________
PL
Material Product (psi x 1000) (MPa) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Crown-and-bridge resins
Acrylic Biotone 6.9* 47.6* 23
Polyester Mer-Don 7 4.95* 34.1* 23
Polyvinyl acrylic Luxene 8.12* 56.0* 23
Duplicating material
Agar Nobiloid 0.051# 0.35# 60
Gold alloys
Type I Ney-Oro A 10 69 7
Type II Ney-Oro A-1 27.5 190 7
Type III, soft Ney-Oro B-2 32.0 221 7
Type III, hard Ney-Oro B-2 38.0 262 7
Type IV, soft Ney-Oro G-3 41.5 286 7
Type IV, hard Ney-Oro G-3 83.0 572 7
10-15% Au-Ag-Pd, soft Paliney No.4 63.5 438 7
10-15% Au-Ag-Pd, hard Paliney No.4 84.5 583 7
Porcelain-fused-
to-metal Ceramco O 60.8 419 6
Impression materials
Agar Surgident 0.095# 0.66# 60
Nickel-chromium alloys
Crown-and-bridge Howmedica III 28.0 193 110
Porcelain-fused-
to-metal Ultratek 9.0 545 6
Silicate Improved Filling
Porcelain 19.6$ 135$ 4
Tooth structures
Dentin 24.2** 167** 4
Enamel (cusp) 51.2** 353** 4
Waxes
Inlay casting, hard Kerr blue hard 0.501## 3.46## 30
Inlay casting, soft Kerr blue regular 0.634## 4.37## 30
_________________________________________________________________
* Tested in compression, head speed 0.05 cm/min.
# Tested in compression, head speed 25 cm/min.
$ Tested in compression, head speed 0.04 cm/min.
** Tested in compression.
## Tested in compression, head speed 0.50 cm/min.
Shear Strength, S
_________________________________________________________________
S*
Material Product (psi x 1000) (MPa) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Amalgam New True
Dentalloy 27.3 188 93
Cements (base consistency)
Polymer-modified ZOE B & T 1.85 12.7 76
Cements (luting consistency)
Polymer-modified ZOE Fynal 1.85 12.7 76
Unmodified ZOE 0.60 4.1 91
Zinc phosphate 1.90 13.1 91
9.17 63.4 139
Zinc polycarboxylate Durelon 3.96 27.4 139
Poly F 4.44 30.7 139
Denture resins
Acrylic Kallodent 17.8 122 93
Porcelains
Feldspathic Ceramco Opaque 18 128 120
Aluminous Vita Aluminous 24 165 120
Tooth structures
Dentin 20.0 138 93
Vital 17.1 118 138
Vital, constrained 19.4 134 138
Non-vital (endodontically treated) 14.8 102 138
Enamel 13.1 90.2 93
_________________________________________________________________
* Tested by punch method
Shore A Hardness
_________________________________________________________________
Material Product Shore A hardness Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Denture liners (resilient)
Polyphosphazene
fluoroelastomer Novus 50 153
Silicone Molloplast-B 43 153
Impression materials
Polyether Impregum 58.0* 150
Polysulfide Permlastic
light 13.0* 150
medium 24.2* 150
heavy 34.2* 150
Silicone, addition President
medium 62.5* 150
putty 77.4* 150
Provil
light 43.7* 150
heavy 59.3* 150
Silicone, condensation Optosil Plus 66.0* 150
Xantopren blue 43.9* 150
Maxillofacial materials
Polyurethane Epithane-3 46.6* 210
Silicone rubber A-102 38.3* 210
A-2186 24.6* 154
Cosmesil 30.4* 154
MDX 4-4210 24.0* 154
Medical Adhesive A 29.4* 210
Silastic 4-4515 50.2* 210
Mouth protector materials
Polyvinyl acetate-
polyethylene Proform 82 37
Sta-Guard 67 37
_________________________________________________________________
* Measured at 24 hours.
Solubility and Disintegration in Water
_________________________________________________________________
Product Mass Solubility
Material Loss (%) (mg/sq cm) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Denture liners (resilient)
Polyphosphazene
fluoroelastomer Novus 0.03$ 226
Silicone Molloplast-B 0.13$ 226
Cements
(base consistency)
Polymer-modified ZOE B & T 0.06* 76
Cements
(luting consistency)
EBA-alumina ZOE 0.05* 79
Glass-ionomer Fuji I 0.08* 228
Ketac-Cem 0.40* 228
Polymer-modified ZOE Fynal 0.08* 76
Resin Comspan 0.017* 233
Unmodified ZOE Temporary
Cement 0.10* 79
Temporary
Cement 0.39* 74
Zinc hydrophosphate New Calmix 0.4* 75
Zinc phosphate Flecks Cement 0.025* 233
Flecks Cement 0.82# 77
Zinc polycarboxylate Durelon <0.04* 78
Durelon 0.81# 77
Zinc silicophosphate Kryptex
Improved 1.0$ 62
Cements (liners)
Glass-ionomer
Light-cured Vitrebond 3.6* 229
XR Ionomer 1.5* 229
Self-cured GC lining
Cement 0.50* 228
Ketac-cem 0.023* 223
Periodontal dressings Barricaid 0.54 232
COEpak 1.5 232
PerioCare 2.7 232
Pit and fissure sealants
Light-cured Nuva-Seal 0.5$ 115
Self-cured 9075 0.2$ 115
Restorative materials
Glass-ionomer Fuji II 0.07* 228
Ketac-Fil 0.10* 228
Metal-reinforced
glass-ionomer Ketac-Silver 0.12* 228
Silicate New Improved
Filling Porcelain 2.09* 74
_________________________________________________________________
* Stored for 1 day.
# Stored for 5 days.
$ Stored for 7 days.
Specific Heat
_________________________________________________________________
Specific heat
Material Product [Cal/(g deg. C)] Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Bones
Cancellous 0.44 192
Cortical 0.44 192
Cements
Calcium hydroxide Dycal 0.429 206
Life 0.346 206
Glass-ionomer Base cement 0.273* 205
Dentin cement 0.275* 205
Ketac-Cem 0.293* 205
Polymer-modified ZOE IRM 0.178# 24
Unmodified ZOE 0.138$ 24
Cavitec 0.421 206
Zinc phosphate Tenacin 0.122** 24
Gold alloy
Au-Ag-Pd alloy 0.03 192
Hydroxyapatite 0.21 192
Impression materials (polymerized)
Polyether Impregum 0.502 207
Silicone, addition Baysilex 0.229 207
Provil
medium 0.256 207
high 0.227 207
Mercury 0.033 130
Pure metals
Chromium 0.11## 130
Copper 0.092## 130
Gold 0.0312$$ 130
Nickel 0.105## 130
Palladium 0.0584*** 130
Platinum 0.0314*** 130
Silver 0.0559*** 130
Titanium 0.124## 130
Zinc 0.0915## 130
Restorative materials
Acrylic Bonfil 0.280 24
Composite resin Adaptic 0.197 24
Silicate Improved Filling
Porcelain 0.167$ 24
Tooth structures
Dentin 0.28 14
0.31 206
0.38 41
Enamel 0.18 14
Vitreous carbon 0.30 117
Water 1.00 1
Zinc oxide USP grade 0.095 24
_________________________________________________________________
* Powder/liquid ratio, 1.0 g/ml.
# Powder/liquid ratio, 5.0 g/ml.
$ Powder/liquid ratio, 3.0 g/ml.
** Powder/liquid ratio, 2.5 g/ml.
## At 20 deg. C.
$$ At 18 deg. C.
*** At 0 deg. C.
Strain in Compression
_________________________________________________________________
Strain in
Material Product compression (%) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Bite registration
material Correct-Bite 0.9-1.3 155
Duplicating materials
Agar Multi-Gel 14.5 80
Impression materials
Alginate
normal consistency Jeltrate 13.4 27
thin consistency Jeltrate 18.5 27
thick consistency Jeltrate 10.1 27
Polyether Impregum F 1.93 156
Permadyne
light 3.31 156
heavy 2.91 156
Polyjel NF 2.65 156
Polysulfide Coeflex
light 13.5 156
medium 13.9 156
heavy 11.1 156
Permlastic
light 11.8 157
medium 10.2 157
heavy 6.2 157
Silicone, addition Absolute
light 3.59 156
medium 2.42 156
heavy 2.64 156
putty 1.55 156
Baysilex 4.60 156
Exaflex Hydrophilic
light 5.17 156
medium 4.65 156
Examix Hydrophilic
light 5.77 156
medium 5.25 156
monophase 2.81 155
Express Hydrophilic
light 5.32 156
medium 4.64 156
putty 5.90 156
Hydrosil 1.88 156
Imprint 2.71 156
Mirror 3 Extrude
light 5.76 156
medium 4.0 156
putty 2.53 156
Omnisil
light 4.95 156
medium 4.72 156
putty 1.62 156
Permagum
light 2.94 155
medium 2.06 155
heavy 2.44 155
President
light 3.5 156
medium 2.6 156
heavy 2.2 156
putty 1.7 156
Reprosil Hydrophilic
light 4.1 156
medium 3.6 156
heavy 2.6 156
putty 1.7 156
Silicone, condensation Coltex
light 11.1 156
medium 5.66 156
Coltoflax 2.13 156
CutterSil
light 3.66 155
medium 6.29 155
Elasticon
light 6.37 155
heavy 7.77 155
Rapid
light 4.98 155
putty 1.66 155
_________________________________________________________________
Surface Free Energy
_________________________________________________________________
Surface free energy
Material Product (ergs/sq. cm) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Bacteria
A. odontolyticus A7-1 106 200
A. viscosus C7-4 111 200
S. mutans C7-3 128 200
S. salivarius B3-4 113 200
S. sanguis C7-2 99 200
Polymers
Polyethylene 33.5 71
Poly(methyl methacrylate) 36.5 71
Polystyrene 38.0 71
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Teflon 24.0 71
Tooth structures
Dentin 92 200
Enamel 87 200
Wax
Paraffin 25.0 71
_________________________________________________________________
Surface Tension
_________________________________________________________________
Surface tension Temp.
Material Product (dynes/cm) (deg. C) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Blood 55.5-61.2 85
Mercury 483.5 25 49
Polymers
Polyetherurethane Pellethane 80A 24.0 170
Pellethane 55D 24.8 170
Pellethane 75D 32.3 170
Polyetherurethane
urea Biomer 33.9 170
Porcelain Ceramco Undercoat A 366 1038 47
Saliva 53 37 48
Water 72.3 25 50
_________________________________________________________________
Tear Energy
_________________________________________________________________
Tear energy
Material Product (M ergs/sq. cm) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Denture liners (resilient)
Polyphosphazene
fluoroelastomer Novus 23* 153
Silicone Molloplast - B 1.4* 153
Impression materials
Alginate Tissutex 0.4 98
0.066 18
Polyether Impregum F$ 0.81* 213
Permadyne** 0.45* 213
Poly jel NF $ 0.85* 213
Polysulfide Coe-flex 1.89* 213
Permlastic** 0.71* 213
Silicone, addition Absolute** 0.52* 213
Baysilex## 1.50* 213
Express** 0.65* 213
Extrude** 0.78* 213
Hydrosil$ 0.63* 213
Panapren$ 0.81* 213
Permagum** 0.64* 213
Reprosil** 0.60* 213
Unosil$ 0.47* 213
Maxillofacial materials
Polyurethane Dermathane 100 1.8# 16
Polyvinyl chloride Sartomer Resins 11# 16
Silicone rubber Silastic 382 0.66# 16
Silastic 399 0.61# 16
_________________________________________________________________
* Head speed, 5 cm/min.
# Head speed, 2 cm/min.
$ Medium viscosity, monophase.
** Low viscosity.
## High viscosity, monophase.
Tear Strength
_________________________________________________________________
Tear strength
Material Product (lbs/in) (kg/cm) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Denture liners (resilient)
Polyphosphazene
fluoroelastomer Novus 54* 9.7* 153
Silicone Molloplast-B 33* 5.9* 153
Duplicating material
Agar Nobiloid 1.3# 0.232# 60
Impression materials
Agar, tray Surgident 5.68# 1.01# 27
Alginate Jeltrate 3.0# 0.536# 27
Polyether Impregum F 26.8$ 4.80$ 156
Permadyne
light 10.1$ 1.80$ 156
heavy 16.8$ 3.00$ 156
Polyjel NF 19.6$ 3.50$ 156
Polysulfide Coeflex
light 18.4$ 3.29$ 156
medium 19.9$ 3.56$ 156
Silicone, addition Absolute
light 15.7$ 2.80$ 156
medium 19.6$ 3.50$ 156
Baysilex 21.6$ 3.86$ 156
Exaflex Hydrophilic
light 15.9$ 2.84$ 156
medium 16.2$ 2.90$ 156
Examix Hydrophilic
light 15.7$ 2.80$ 156
medium 16.2$ 2.90$ 156
monophase 18.8$ 3.36$ 155
Express Hydrophilic
light 18.5$ 3.30$ 156
medium 18.5$ 3.30$ 156
Hydrosil 13.4$ 2.40$ 156
Imprint 21.8$ 3.90$ 156
Mirror 3 Extrude
light 12.3$ 2.20$ 156
medium 26.3$ 4.70$ 156
Omnisil
light 14.6$ 2.60$ 156
medium 10.4$ 1.85$ 156
Permagum
light 10.4$ 1.85$ 155
medium 28.4$ 5.07$ 155
heavy 29.5$ 5.26$ 155
President
light 15.1$ 2.70$ 156
medium 30.8$ 5.50$ 156
Reprosil Hydrophilic
light 14.3$ 2.56$ 156
medium 17.4$ 3.10$ 156
Silicone, condensation Coltex
light 8.96$ 1.60$ 156
medium 14.6$ 2.61$ 156
Cuttersil
light 15.1$ 2.70$ 155
medium 13.0$ 2.33$ 155
Elasticon
light 15.5$ 2.76$ 155
heavy 24.5$ 4.37$ 155
Rapid
light 18.3$ 3.26$ 155
Maxillofacial materials
Polyurethane Epithane-3 45* 8.1* 210
Silicone rubber A-102 23* 4.1* 210
A-2186 203* 36.2* 210
40* 7.1* 154
Cosmesil 44* 7.8* 154
MDX 4-4210 23* 4.1* 154
Medical
Adhesive A 70* 12.4* 210
Silastic 4-4515 104* 18.6* 210
Mouth protector materials
Polyvinyl acetate-
polyethylene Proform 160# 28.6# 125
Sta-Guard 120# 21.4# 125
_________________________________________________________________
* Head speed, 50 cm/min.
# Head speed, 25 cm/min.
$ Head speed, 30 cm/min.
Thermal Conductivity
_________________________________________________________________
Thermal conductivity
[mcal/(sec)
Material Product (sq. cm)(deg. C/cm)] Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Amalgam 54.0 192
Alumina (recrystallized) 38.7 20
Bones
Cancellous 1.4 192
Cortical 1.4 192
Cement (base consistency)
Zinc phosphate Tenacin 3.1 13
Cements (luting consistency)
Glass-ionomer Ketac-cem 1.5* 205
Zinc phosphate Tenacin 2.5 13
Cements (liners)
Calcium hydroxide Dycal 1.5 206
Life 1.2 206
Glass-ionomer Base cement 1.6* 205
Dentin cement 1.3* 205
Unmodified ZOE 1.4# 24
Cavitec 0.7 206
Denture resins
Acrylic 0.37 82
Polystyrene 0.22 82
Gold alloy
Au-Ag-Pd alloy 300 192
Gypsum 3.1 147
Hydroxyapatite 3.0 192
Impression materials (polymerized)
Polyether Impregum 2.3 207
Silicone, addition Baysilex 1.0 207
Provil
medium 1.4 207
high 0.72 207
Mercury 19.6$ 130
Porcelain (feldspathic) 2.39 20
Pure metals
Chromium 160** 130
Copper 941** 130
Gold 710** 130
Nickel 220## 130
Palladium 1680$$ 130
Platinum 165*** 130
Silver 1000$ 130
Titanium 10.0 192
Zinc 270## 130
Restorative materials
Acrylic Bonfil 0.38 24
Composite resin Adaptic 2.61 24
3.27 109
Silicate Improved Filling
Porcelain 1.78-1.86 13
0.82# 24
Tooth structures
Dentin 1.36 41
Enamel 2.23 41
Vitreous carbon 15 117
Water 1.42*** 1
_________________________________________________________________
* Powder/liquid ratio, 1.0 g/ml.
# Powder/liquid ratio, 3.0 g/ml.
$ At 0 deg. C.
** Near 20 deg. C.
## At 25 deg. C.
$$ At 18 deg. C.
*** At 17 deg. C.
Thermal Diffusivity
_________________________________________________________________
Thermal diffusivity
Material Product (sq. mm/sec) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Amalgam Caulk Fine Cut 9.6 141
Cements
Calcium hydroxide Dycal 0.187 206
0.240 140
Life 0.186 206
Glass-ionomer
Light-cured Vitrabond 0.184 208
XR Ionomer 0.194 208
Zionomer 0.290 208
Self-cured Base cement 0.266* 205
Dentin cement 0.232* 205
Fuji 0.262 139
Ketac-Bond 0.205 208
Ketac-Cem 0.239* 205
Resin Time Line 0.174 208
Unmodified ZOE 0.389# 24
0.471$ 140
Cavitec 0.086 206
Zinc phosphate Tenacin 0.290$ 24
Stratford Cookson 0.308** 140
Zinc polycarboxylate Poly-C 0.332 140
Gold (pure) 118 141
Impression materials
Dental compound Kerr 0.226 34
Polyether Impregum 0.43 207
Silicone, addition Baysilex 0.32 207
Provil
medium 0.38 207
high 0.22 207
Poly(methyl methacrylate) Lucite 0.124 140
Restorative materials
Acrylic Bonfil 0.123 24
Sevriton 0.125 140
Composite resin Adaptic 0.675 24
0.655 140
Adaptic## 0.725 139
Concise 0.338 139
Cosmic 0.310 139
Isopast 0.191 139
Profile 0.283 139
Glass-ionomer Fuji Type II 0.216 208
Improved Fuji
Type II 0.228 208
Metal-reinforced
glass-ionomer Ketac Silver 0.516 208
Miracle Mix 0.407 208
Silicate Improved Filling
Porcelain 0.243# 24
Silicap 0.275 140
Tooth structures
Dentin 0.183 41
0.258 206
Enamel 0.469 41
_________________________________________________________________
* Powder/liquid ratio, 1.0 g/ml.
# Powder/liquid ratio, 3.0 g/ml.
$ Powder/liquid ratio, 2.5 g/ml.
** Powder/liquid ratio, 1.85 g/ml.
## Radiopaque.
Transverse Strength, T
_________________________________________________________________
T
Material Product (psi x 1000) (MPa) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Alumina (recrystallized) 55.0 379 20
Amalgams (7 days)
Admixed Dispersalloy 17.7 122 186
Valiant PhD 20.6 142 186
Spherical Indiloy 19.5 134 186
Lojic 17.2 118 186
Sybraloy 17.3 119 186
Tytin 21.4 148 186
Valiant 21.1 146 186
Cements
(luting consistency, 24 hrs.)
Glass-ionomer Fuji I 0.39 2.7 173
Ketac-cem
Radiopaque 0.42 2.9 173
Cements (liners, 24 hrs.)
Calcium hydroxide Dycal 0.61 4.2 178
Life 0.38 2.6 178
Glass-ionomer
Light-cured Vitrabond 3.51 24.2 179
XR Ionomer 2.55 17.6 179
Self-cured Baseline 1.68 11.6 173
Baseline in Caps 1.71 11.8 173
GC lining cement 0.20 1.4 173
Ketac-bond 0.45 3.1 173
Ketac-bond
Capsule 0.96 6.6 173
3M Glass ionomer
liner 0.45 3.1 173
Resin Cavalite 8.41 58.0 179
Timeline 9.27 63.9 179
Denture resins
Cold-cured PERform 12 84 218
Heat-cured Lucitone 199 11 78 218
Perma-cryl 20 12 86 218
Light-cured Triad 12 80 218
Gold (condensed)
Foil Morgan,
Hastings & C 42.3 292 32
Mat Williams 23.0 159 32
Powdered Goldent 23.6 163 32
Gypsum
Improved stone Velmix 2.40 16.6 83
Investment
Ethyl silicate,
23-1000 deg. C Hartex 0.071 0.49 84
Gypsum bonded
at 23 deg. C Kerr Model 0.355 2.45 84
at 600 deg. C Kerr Model 0.014 0.10 84
Phosphate bonded
at 23 deg. C 0.384 2.65 84
at 1000 deg. C 1.10 7.64 84
Porcelains
Alumina-reinforced HiCeram (core) 20.2 139 146
Vitadur-N (core) 17.9 123 146
Castable ceramic Dicor 18.1 125 146
Ceramic-whisker-
reinforced Mirage 10 70 146
Feldspathic
Ceramco II 8.9 61 146
Excelco 8.0 55 146
Vitadur-N(dentin) 9.1 62 146
Vita VMK 68 9.5 66 146
Leucite-reinforced Optec HSP 15 104 146
Magnesia core
Glazed 39 270 189
Untreated 19 130 189
Restorative materials
Composite resin Herculite XRV 14.5 99.8 190
P-50 12.3 85.1 190
Silux Plus 8.9 61.4 190
Z-100 20.2 139.4 191
Glass-ionomer Chelon-fil 1.09 7.5 173
Chelon-silver 1.65 11.4 173
Chemfil II 1.35 9.3 173
Chemfil II
in caps 3.63 25.0 173
Fuji II 0.51 3.5 173
Ketac-fil Capsule 1.49 10.3 173
Ketac-silver
Capsule 1.00 6.9 173
4.76 31.8 191
Vitreous carbon 22 152 117
_________________________________________________________________
Ultimate Compressive Strength, C
The ultimate compressive strength is defined as the maximum stress that a material can withstand before failure in compression. It is determined by dividing the maximum load in compression by the original cross-sectional area of the test specimen.
_________________________________________________________________
C
Material Product (psi x 1000) (MPa) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Alumina (recrystallized) 316 2180 20
Amalgams (1h)
Admixed Valiant Ph.D. 29.2 201 171
Spherical Tytin 29.7 205 171
Valiant 42.1 290 171
Amalgam (24 hrs)
Admixed Dispersalloy 61.3* 423* 3
Dispersalloy
fast set 56.1# 387# 142
64.5$ 445$ 142
regular set 51.2# 353# 142
62.8$ 433$ 142
Optaloy II 46.8# 323# 142
50.9$ 351$ 142
Lathe-cut Caulk Fine Cut 45.0# 310# 142
49.0$ 338$ 142
New True
Dentalloy 46.1* 318* 3
Spherical Indiloy 59.0# 407# 142
60.3$ 416$ 142
Sybraloy 52.3# 361# 142
57.4$ 396$ 142
Bones (human)
Long bones
Femur 24.2 167 172
Humerus 19.1 132 172
Radius 16.5 114 172
Tibia 23.1 159 172
Vertebrae
Cervical 1.5 10 172
Lumbar 0.73 5 172
Cements
(base consistency, 24 hrs)
Polymer-modified ZOE B & T 5.52* 38.1* 2
Zinc phosphate Zinc Cement
Improved 23.3* 161* 2
Zinc polycarboxylate Durelon 11.5* 79.6* 2
PCA 9.93** 6.85** 124
Cements
(luting consistency, 24 hrs)
EBA-alumina ZOE Opotow 9.32* 64.3* 2
9.53 65.7 79
6.5$$ 45$$ 145
Glass-ionomer Fuji I 17.4## 120## 173
Ketac-cem
Radiopaque 17.7## 122## 173
Non-eugenol zinc oxide Nogenol 0.587* 4.05* 2
Polymer-modified ZOE Fynal 7.31* 50.4* 2
5.1$$ 35$$ 145
Resin Panavia EX 25.9## 178## 174
Unmodified ZOE Temporary Cement 1.20* 8.28* 74
Zinc hydrophosphate New Calmix 9.56## 66.0## 75
Zinc phosphate Flecks 9.01## 62.1## 174
Modern Tenacin 11.2## 77.5## 174
Zinc polycarboxylate Durelon 9.78## 67.4## 174
Shofu 7.98## 55.0## 174
Zinc silicophosphate Kryptex Improved 24.8 171 62
Cements
(liners, 24 hrs)
Calcium hydroxide
Light-cured VLC Dycal 20.0*** 138*** 175
Self-cured Dycal 2.10*** 14.5*** 175
Life 3.87*** 26.7*** 178
Glass-ionomer
Light-cured Fuji lining 24.7*** 170.3*** 235
Vitrabond 19.0*** 130.9*** 235
8.24*** 56.8*** 175
XR Ionomer 9.28*** 64.0*** 175
2.9*** 20.0*** 235
Zionomer 6.98 48.1 178
Self-cured Baseline 9.64## 66.5## 173
Baseline in caps 20.0## 138## 173
GC lining cement 8.44## 58.2## 173
Ketac-bond 17.0## 117## 173
Ketac-bond
Capsule 20.6## 142## 173
3M Glass ionomer
liner 9.51## 65.6## 173
Resin Timeline 22.2*** 153*** 175
Unmodified ZOE Cavitec 0.798* 5.50* 2
Crown-and-bridge resins
Acrylic Biotone 11.8## 81.4## 23
Polyester Mer-Don 7 8.65## 59.6## 23
Polyvinyl acrylic Luxene 12.0## 82.8## 23
Duplicating material
Agar Nobiloid 0.052### 0.36### 60
Gypsum (dried)
Improved stone Velmix 11.7$$$ 80.7$$$ 31
Plaster Calspar 3.40$$$ 23.4$$$ 31
Stone Calestone 8.70$$$ 60.0$$$ 31
Impression materials
Agar Surgident 0.11### 0.76### 60
Alginate (6 min) Jeltrate 0.12### 0.82### 27
Polysulfide (8 min) Rubberjel 0.28### 1.93### 27
Porcelains
Feldspathic Trubyte
Bioform 2100 21.6**** 149**** 22
Fused to metal Ceramco Opaque 21.7**** 150**** 22
Restorative materials
Composite resin
All-purpose Brilliant 40.6## 280## 211
Charisma 42.5## 293## 211
Conquest DFC 42.9## 296## 211
Heliomolar
Radiopaque 49.3 340 158
Herculite XR 57.6 397 158
Herculite XRV 35.7## 246## 211
Marathon 43.4 299 158
P-50 APC 57.3 395 158
Pertac Hybrid 47.9## 330## 211
Prisma APH 55.5 383 158
True Vitality 27.4## 189## 211
Z-100 65.0 448 158
Anterior Durafill 67.2 463 158
Helio Progress 47.9 330 158
Prisma Microfine 38.0 262 158
Silar 41.0 283 158
Silux 49.9 344 158
Valux 62.4 430 158
Visio Dispers 66.0 455 158
Visio Fil 50.8 350 158
Posterior Clearfil
Photoposterior 42.6## 294## 211
Heliomolar 47.1 325 158
Occlusin 50.5 348 158
P10 56.6 390 158
Post Comp II LC 50.0 345 158
Glass-ionomer Chelon-fil 22.4## 155## 173
Chemfil II 28.6## 198## 173
Chemfil II
in caps 19.7## 136## 173
Fuji II 23.0## 159## 173
Ketac-fil
Capsule 22.1## 152## 173
Metal-reinforced
glass-ionomer Chelon-silver 18.1## 125## 173
Ketac-silver
Capsule 16.3## 113## 173
Miracle mix 18.7## 129## 234
Tooth structures
Dentin 43.1 297 5
Enamel (cusp) 55.7 384 4
Vitreous carbon 100 690 117
Waxes
Inlay casting, hard Kerr blue hard 0.94## 6.48## 30
Inlay casting, soft Kerr blue regular 1.13## 7.79## 30
_________________________________________________________________
* Head speed, 0.02 cm/min.
# Head speed, 0.025 cm/min, Hand triturated.
$ Head speed, 0.025 cm/min, Mechanically triturated.
** Head speed, 0.5 cm/min.
## Head speed, 0.05 cm/min.
$$ Head speed, 0.01 cm/min.
*** Head speed, 0.1 cm/min.
### Head speed, 25 cm/min.
$$$ Head speed, 0.15 cm/min.
**** Head speed, 0.12/cm/min.
Ultimate Tensile Strength, UTS
The ultimate tensile strength is defined as the maximum stress that a material can withstand before failure in tension. Unless indicated otherwise, values were determined by an extension test.
_________________________________________________________________
UTS
Material Product (psi x 1000) (MPa) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Alumina (recrystallized) 17.2* 119* 20
Amalgam (7 days)
Admixed Dispersalloy 6.94* 47.9* 53
Phasealloy 3.96* 27.3* 177
Valiant PhD 4.68* 32.2* 177
Lathe-cut New True
Dentalloy 7.93* 54.7* 53
Bones (human)
Long bones
Femur 17.5 121 172
Humerus 18.9 130 172
Radius 21.6 149 172
Tibia 20.3 140 172
Vertebrae
Cervical 0.45 3.1 172
Lumbar 0.54 3.7 172
Cements
(base consistency, 24 hrs)
Polymer-modified ZOE B & T 0.500* 3.45* 2
Zinc phosphate Zinc Cement
Improved 1.20* 8.3* 2
Zinc polycarboxylate Durelon 2.25* 15.5* 2
PCA 1.00* 6.92* 124
Cements
(luting consistency, 24 hrs)
EBA-alumina ZOE Opotow 1.03* 7.12* 2
Glass-ionomer Fuji I 0.80* 5.5* 173
Ketac-cem
Radiopaque 0.65* 4.5* 173
Non-eugenol zinc oxide Nogenol 0.157* 1.08* 2
Polymer-modified ZOE Fynal 0.603* 4.16* 2
Resin Panavia EX 6.54* 45.1* 174
Zinc phosphate Flecks 1.35* 9.3* 174
Modern Tenacin 1.38* 9.5* 174
Zinc polycarboxylate Durelon 2.19* 15.1* 174
Shofu 1.57* 10.8* 174
Cements (liners, 24 hrs)
Calcium hydroxide Dycal 0.33* 2.3* 178
Life 0.35* 2.4* 178
Glass-ionomer
Light-cured Fuji Lining LC 2.06* 14.2* 235
Vitrabond 1.83* 12.6* 179
XR Ionomer 1.07* 7.4* 179
0.32* 2.2* 235
Zionomer 0.55* 3.8* 178
Self-cured Baseline 0.90* 6.2* 173
Baseline in caps 1.52* 10.5* 173
GC lining cement 0.57* 3.9* 173
Ketac-bond 0.84* 5.8* 173
Ketac-bond
Capsule 1.60* 11.0* 173
3M Glass ionomer
liner 0.33* 2.3* 173
Resin Cavalite 3.33* 23.0* 179
Timeline 2.04* 14.1* 179
Unmodified ZOE Cavitec 0.062* 0.43* 2
Cobalt - chromium alloys Advantage### 99.4****685**** 198
Advantage$$$ 95.7****660**** 198
Cobond### 111.9****772**** 198
Cobond$$$ 113.9****785**** 198
GenesisII### 93.9****647**** 198
GenesisII$$$ 86.9****599**** 198
Master Tec### 103.0****710**** 198
Master Tec$$$ 108.9****751**** 198
Novarex### 97.7****674**** 198
Novarex$$$ 101.8****702**** 198
NovarexII### 93.4****644**** 198
NovarexII$$$ 95.4****658**** 198
ViComp### 98.8****681**** 198
ViComp$$$ 104.2****718**** 198
Vitallium 126 869 61
Denture liners (resilient)
Polyphosphazene
fluoroelastomer Novus 0.534$ 3.68$ 153
Silicone Molloplast-B 0.634$ 4.37$ 153
Denture resins
Acrylic Kallodent 333 11.6# 80.4# 90
Polyvinylacrylic Luxene T75 12.2# 84.3# 90
Gold (999.9 fine) Wilkinson Co. 15.6 108 96
Gold (condensed)
Foil 7.35 50.7 33
Mat 3.60 24.8 33
Powdered Goldent 6.76 46.6 33
Gold alloys
Type I Ney-Oro A 32.0 221 7
Type II Ney-Oro A-1 55.0 379 7
Type III, soft Ney-Oro B-2 61.0 421 7
Type III, hard Ney-Oro B-2 65.0 448 7
Sjoding C-3 66.3 457 144
Type IV, soft Ney-Oro G-3 68.0 469 7
Type IV, hard Ney-Oro G-3 110 759 7
Sjoding D 101 699 144
64% Au-Ag-Cu, hard Begolloyd G 80.5 555 144
48% Au-Ag-Cu, hard Midigold 90.8 626 144
40% Au-Ag-Cu, soft Forticast 85 586 9
40% Au-Ag-Cu, hard Forticast 129 890 9
10-15% Au-Ag-Pd, soft Paliney No. 4 81.0 559 7
10-15% Au-Ag-Pd, hard Paliney No. 4 106 731 7
Au-Pd Olympia### 88.6****611**** 199
Olympia$$$ 97.5****672**** 199
Au-Pt-Pd TPW 38.1 263 196
Porcelain-fused-to-metal Jelenko O 73 503 9
Gutta-percha Indian Head 2.80 19.3 28
Mynol 2.40 16.6 28
Gypsum (dried)
Improved stone Velmix 1.11* 7.66* 31
Plaster Calspar 0.600* 4.14* 31
Stone Calestone 0.820* 5.66* 31
Impression materials
Alginate Krompan 0.034$ 0.24$ 81
Polyether Impregum 0.300$ 2.07$ 180
Reprosil
medium 0.287$ 1.98$ 180
Permadyne
light 0.122## 0.841##181
heavy 0.180## 1.24## 181
Polysulfide
Copper hydroxide cured Omniflex 0.135$ 0.929$ 180
Lead dioxide cured Coeflex 0.165$ 1.14$ 180
Silicone, addition Express
light 0.174## 1.20## 181
medium 0.269## 1.85## 181
putty 0.092## 0.634##181
Mirror 3 Extrude
light 0.193## 1.33## 181
medium 0.232## 1.60## 181
putty 0.330## 2.28## 181
Silicone, condensation Citricon
light 0.142## 0.979##181
putty 0.348## 2.40## 181
Rapid
light 0.222## 1.53## 181
putty 0.191## 1.32## 181
Iron-chromium alloys
Crown-and-bridge Dentillium C-B 134 924 61
Partial denture Dentillium P-D 122 841 61
Maxillofacial materials
Polyurethane#### Epithane-3 0.12 0.83 210
Silicone rubber A-102 0.28#### 1.9####210
A-2186 0.73$ 5.0$ 154
Cosmesil 0.73$ 5.0$ 154
MDX 4-4210 0.57$ 4.0$ 154
Medical
Adhesive A 0.16#### 1.1####210
Silastic 4-4515 1.38#### 9.5####210
Mouth protector materials
Polyvinyl acetate-
polyethylene#### Proform 1.06 7.31 125
Sta-guard 0.46 3.17 125
Nickel-chromium alloys CeramalloyII### 114.6****790**** 199
CeramalloyII$$$ 103.0****710**** 199
Microbond NP2### 73.3****505**** 199
Microbond NP2$$$ 71.5****493**** 199
Ticon### 116.4****803**** 199
Ticon$$$ 96.7****667**** 199
Unimetal 119.9 827 196
Crown-and-bridge Howmedica III 61.0 421 110
Partial denture Ticonium 100 117 807 8
Porcelain-fused-to-metal Ultratek 133 917 6
Palladium-based dental
alloys**** Microstar### 100.8 695 199
Microstar$$$ 106.7 736 199
Spartan### 165.5 1141 199
Spartan$$$ 163.2 1125 199
W-1### 103.6 714 199
W-1$$$ 105.0 724 199
Polymers
Polyetherurethane Pellethane
2363-80A 7.21** 49.7** 182
Polyetherurethane urea Biomer 7.28** 50.2** 182
Poly (methyl methacrylate) 8.48*** 58.5*** 183
Porcelains
Feldspathic Trubyte
Bioform 2100 3.60 24.8 22
Fused to metal Ceramco Opaque 5.40 37.2 22
Restorative materials
Composite resin
All-purpose Brilliant 5.80* 40* 211
Charisma 5.95* 41* 211
Conquest DFC 7.54* 52* 211
Herculite XRV 5.66* 39.0* 184
Pertac Hybrid 6.24* 43* 211
True Vitality 4.64* 32* 211
Z100 7.89* 54.4* 184
Anterior Multifil VS 6.16* 42.5* 212
Prisma Fil 8.47* 58.4* 212
Silux Plus 5.86* 40.4* 212
Posterior Clearfil Photo
Posterior 6.53* 45* 211
Coltene D1 6.54* 45.1* 212
Ful Fil 8.67* 59.8* 212
Heliomolar 5.99* 41.3* 212
Marathon One 5.41* 37.3* 184
P10 9.25* 63.8* 212
Glass-ionomer Chelon-fil 1.46* 10.1* 173
Chemfil II 1.80* 12.2* 173
Chemfil II
in caps 1.87* 12.9* 173
Fuji II 1.26* 8.7* 173
Ketac-fil Capsule 2.03* 14.0* 173
Metal-reinforced
glass-ionomer Chelon-silver 1.60* 11.0* 173
Ketac-silver
Capsule 1.87* 12.9* 173
Miracle Mix 1.33* 9.2* 234
Silicate 0.630 4.34 92
Silver-palladium alloys Alborium 88.6 611 144
Hvitstop 76.3 526 144
Palliag M 59.6 411 144
Crown-and-bridge, soft Albacast 63.0 434 9
Crown-and-bridge, hard Albacast 68.0 469 9
Porcelain-fused-to-metal Jel-5 105.0 724 9
Titanium 79.8 550 131
Titanium-6 Al-4 V alloy 134.9 930 131
Tooth structures
Dentin (bovine)
Demineralized 3.77*** 26.0*** 185
Mineralized 13.1*** 90.6*** 185
Dentin (human)
Demineralized 4.29*** 29.6*** 185
Mineralized 15.3*** 105.5*** 185
Enamel (bovine) 3.00$$ 20.7$$ 92
Enamel (human) 1.50$$ 10.3$$ 92
_________________________________________________________________
* Values determined from diametral compression test.
# Head speed, 5 cm/min.
$ Head speed, 50 cm/min.
** Head speed, 1.27 cm/min.
## Head speed, 25 cm/min.
$$ Head speed, 0.005 cm/min.
*** Head speed, 0.1 cm/min.
### As cast.
$$$ Heat treated.
**** Head speed, 0.05 cm/min.
#### Head speed, 0.85 cm/min.
Vapor Pressure
Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted when a solid or liquid is in equilibrium with its own vapor.
_________________________________________________________________
Vapor pressure Temp.
Material (mm of Hg) (deg. C) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Mercury 0.0014 22 69
0.0050 38 69
0.26 100 69
Mercury (in dental amalgam) 10-8 37 108
Monomers (crown-and-bridge resins)
Methyl methacrylate 125 50 72
760 100 72
Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate 8 100 72
1,3-butylene glycol dimethacrylate 1 100 72
Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate 0.01 100 72
Water 19.8 22 1
47.1 37 1
_________________________________________________________________
Vickers Hardness, VHN
The Vickers hardness test or the 136 degree diamond pyramid hardness test is a micro-indentation method. The indenter produces a square indentation, the diagonals of which are measured. The diamond pyramid hardness is calculated by dividing the applied load by the surface area of the indentation.
_________________________________________________________________
Material Product VHN (kg/sq. mm) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Alumina (recrystallized) 1200 20
Amalgam
Ag-Hg phase 120 86
Sn-Hg phase 15 86
Cements (liners)
Glass-ionomer
Light-cured Fuji Lining LC 57 235
Vitrabond 62 235
XR Ionomer 38 235
Cobalt-chromium alloys Genesis II 350 9
Master Tec 390 222
Novarex 350 223
Gold alloys
Type I Ney-Oro A 55 7
Type II Ney-Oro A-1 105 7
Type III, soft Ney-Oro B-2 125 7
Type III, hard Ney-Oro B-2 135 7
Type IV, soft Ney-Oro G-3 160 7
Type IV, hard Ney-Oro G-3 250 7
40% Au-Ag-Cu, soft Forticast 193 9
40% Au-Ag-Cu, hard Forticast 292 9
10-15% Au-Ag-Pd, soft Paliney No. 4 170 7
10-15% Au-Ag-Pd, hard Paliney No. 4 230 7
Au-Pd Olympia 220 9
Au-Pt-Pd alloy TPW 104 196
Porcelain-fused-
to-metal Jelenko O 182 9
Gypsum Moldablaster 12 224
Nickel-chromium alloys Unimetal 395 196
Crown-and-bridge Howmedica III 330 110
Porcelain-fused-
to-metal Ultratek 270 6
Palladium-based dental
alloys Athenium* 270 197
Legacy* 270 197
Liberty* 340 197
Microstar 265 9
Protocol* 235 197
PTM-88* 235 197
Spartan* 360 197
W1* 240 222
W1# 285 222
Porcelains
Alumina-reinforced Vitadur-N (core) 775 231
Castable ceramic Dicor 449 231
Ceramic-whisker-
reinforced Mirage II 663 231
Feldspathic Excelco 663 231
Vita VMK 68 703 231
Vita VMK 68-N 703 231
Will-Ceram 611 231
Leucite-reinforced Optec HSP 703 231
Restorative materials
Composite resins
All purpose Charisma 81 158
Conquest DFC 95 158
Heliomolar Radiopaque 56 158
Herculite XR 74 158
Marathon 100 158
P-50 APC 159 158
Pertac Hybrid 126 158
Prisma APH 77 158
Z-100 120 158
Anterior Durafill 48 158
Helio Progress 50 158
Multifil VS 55 158
Prisma Fil 83 158
Prisma Microfine 39 158
Silux Plus 59 158
41 159
Valux 107 158
Visio Dispers 63 158
Visio Fil 160 158
Posterior Clearfil Photo
Posterior 159 158
Ful Fil 97 158
Heliomolar 61 158
P-10 174 158
Post Comp II LC 97 158
Glass-ionomer Chemfil II 51 159
Fujicap II 74 159
Ketac-Fil 90 159
Metal-reinforced-
glass-ionomer Ketac-Silver 40 159
Silver-palladium alloys
Crown-and-bridge, soft Albacast 143 9
Crown-and-bridge, hard Albacast 154 9
Porcelain-fused-
to-metal Jel-5 187 9
Titanium 210 131
Titanium-6 Al-4 V alloy 320 131
Tooth structures
Dentin 60 158
57 159
Enamel 408 158
294 159
_________________________________________________________________
* Specimens subjected to the porcelain firing cycles.
# Oven hardened.
Viscosity
Viscosity is defined as the resistance of a substance to flow under stress. Units are g/(cm sec) or poise. Centipoise (cp) is 0.01 poise.
_________________________________________________________________
Viscosity Temp.
Material Product (cp) (deg. C) Ref.
_________________________________________________________________
Cements
Zinc phosphate Modern Tenacin 43,200* 18 119
94,700* 25 119
Zinc polycarboxylate Durelon 101,000* 18 119
109,800* 25 119
Impression materials
Agar 281,000 45 99
Alginate Jeltrate 252,000# 37 118
Impression Plaster Platogum 23,800# 37 118
Polysulfide, light 109,000$ 36 99
Permlastic 57,200# 37 118
Polysulfide, heavy 1,360,000$ 36 99
Silicone, addition
medium Hydrosil 1,294,000** 37 230
Imprint 797,000** 37 230
Omnisil 1,025,000** 37 230
heavy Baysilex 689,000** 37 230
Silicone, condensation
light 63,400$ 36 99
Elasticon 95,000# 37 118
medium 420,000$ 36 99
Zinc oxide-eugenol Luralite 99,600# 37 118
Mercury 1.55 20 101
Monomers (crown-and-bridge resins)
Methyl methacrylate 0.52 25 128
Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate 3.40 25 129
1,3-butylene glycol dimethacrylate 3.5 25 129
Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate 7.5 25 129
Water 1.000 20 1
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* Measured at 45 sec. after completion of mix and 5 rpm
# Measured at 1.5 min. from start of mix and 5 rpm
$ Measured at 2 min. from start of mix.
** Measured at 1 min. from start of mix and 2.5 rpm.
Water Sorption
Water sorption of a material represents the amount of water adsorbed on the surface and absorbed into the body of the material. The method of testing is described in American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association Specification nos. 12 and 27 (ref. 73).
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Water sorption
Material Product (mg/sq. cm) Ref.
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Denture liners (resilient)
Polyphosphazene
fluoroelastomer Novus 4.01$ 226
Silicone Molloplast-B 0.23$ 226
Denture resins
Acrylic Hy-Pro Lucitone 0.69* 45
Polystyrene Jectron 0.36* 45
Polyvinylacrylic Luxene 44 0.26* 45
Pit and fissure sealants
Light-cured Nuva-Seal 0.9$ 115
Self-cured Delton 1.29# 127
9075 1.8$ 115
Restorative materials
Composite resin
Posterior Occlusin 0.71$ 227
P-50 0.52$ 227
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* Stored for 1 day.
# Stored for 30 days.
$ Stored for 7 days.
Yield Strength, YS
The yield strength is defined as the stress at which a material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from proportionality of stress to strain. The amount of permanent strain arbitrarily selected is referred to as the percent offset and is commonly 0.1%.
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YS
Material Product (psi x 1000) (MPa) Ref.
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Cements (liners)
Glass-ionomer
Light-cured Vitrabond 1.60 11.0 179
XR Ionomer 3.15 21.7 179
Resin Cavalite 8.99 62.0 179
Timeline 4.31 29.7 179
Cobalt-chromium alloys Advantage* 69.8# 481# 198
Advantage$ 67.7# 467# 198
Cobond* 71.8# 495# 198
Cobond$ 66.0# 455# 198
Genesis II* 68.4# 472# 198
Genesis II$ 71.9# 496# 198
Master Tec* 70.1# 483# 198
Master Tec$ 73.8# 509# 198
Novarex* 68.9# 475# 198
Novarex$ 81.4# 561# 198
Novarex II* 70.9# 489# 198
Novarex II$ 75.5# 521# 198
Vi-Comp* 77.3# 533# 198
Vi-Comp$ 73.8# 509# 198
Vitallium 93.4 644 61
Gold alloys
40% Au-Ag-Cu, soft Forticast 68# 469# 9
40% Au-Ag-Cu, hard Forticast 125# 862# 9
Au-Pd Olympia* 63.3# 436# 199
Olympia$ 77.9# 537# 199
Porcelain-fused-to-
metal Jelenko O 72.5# 500# 9
Gutta-percha Indian Head 1.70 11.7 28
Mynol 1.20 8.28 28
Iron-chromium alloy
Partial denture Dentillium P-D 94.4 651 61
Nickel-chromium alloys Ceramalloy II* 71.3# 492# 199
Ceramalloy II$ 49.6# 342# 199
Micro-Bond N/P2* 44.6# 308# 199
Micro-Bond N/P2$ 34.0# 234# 199
Ticon* 103.0# 710# 199
Ticon$ 71.9# 496# 199
Palladium-based
dental alloys Athenium 76.1 525 197
Legacy 95.5 658 197
Liberty 115.5 796 197
Microstar* 76.8# 530# 199
Microstar$ 70.7# 487# 199
Protocol 68.7 474 197
PTM-88 83.0 572 197
Spartan* 153.7# 1060# 199
Spartan$ 138.6# 956# 199
W-1* 76.1# 525# 199
W-1$ 80.5# 555# 199
Restorative materials
Acrylic Sevriton 7.50 51.7 42
Composite resin Adaptic 23.4 161 42
Silver-palladium alloys
Crown-and-bridge Albacast 42# 290# 9
Porcelain-fused-
to-metal Jel-5 70# 483# 9
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* As cast.
# Percent offset of 0.2%.
$ Heat treated.
Zeta Potential
A charged particle suspended in an electrolytic solution attracts ions of opposite charge to those at its surface, where they form the Stern layer. To maintain the electrical balance of the suspending fluid, ions of opposite charge are attracted to the Stern layer. The potential at the surface of that part of this diffuse double-layer of ions that can move with the particle when subjected to a voltage gradient is the zeta potential. This potential measured is very dependent upon the ionic concentration, pH, viscosity, and dielectric constant of the solution being analyzed.
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Zeta potential
Material (mV) Ref.
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Bacteria
A. odontolyticus A7-1 -16.0* 200
A. viscosus C7-4 -11.1* 200
S. mutans
C7-3 -7.1* 200
M4S -13.7# 123
S. salivarius B3-4 -4.8* 200
S. sanguis C7-2 -12.4* 200
Bone -7.01$ 201
Hydroxyapatite, synthetic -10.9** 107
-9.0# 123
Polymers
Poly(ether urethane) -17.3 202
Silicone -98.5 202
Tooth structures
Calculus -15.3## 106
Cementum, exposed -6.96## 106
Cementum, unexposed -9.34## 106
Dentin -6.23## 106
+0.4* 200
Enamel -10.3## 106
+0.9* 200
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* Measured at 25 deg. C in a physiological ionic strength
(0.057) medium, pH 7.0.
# Measured in distilled water
$ Measured in 0.145 M NaCl solution, pH 7.3
** Measured at 25 deg. C at a solid/solution ratio of 0.1
## Measured at 30 deg. C in Hanks'balanced salt solution
Introduction to Biomaterials Properties | Biomaterials Properties Table Listing |
References (1-100) | References (101-200) | References (201-244) |
Revised April, 1996
Biomaterials Properties Database, University of Michigan
Contact: Dr William J. O'Brien, Director (FAX: 313-647-5293).
Copyright © Quintessence Publishing, 1996.
| ©
Dr.Jiří Kantor_
prohlášení
a ochrana soukromí
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